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William L. Guy

William L. Guy

William Lewis Guy (born September 30, 1919) was the governor of the U.S. state of North Dakota from 1961 to 1973. Guy was born in Devils Lake, North Dakota. After receiving his B.S. degree from North Dakota Agricultural College (NDAC), he served in the U.S. Navy in World War II as a gunnery officer, retiring as a lieutenant. He received a master's degree from the University of Minnesota, and then became the assistant county agent for Cass County. With his wife Jean, Guy began farming at Amenia, North Dakota, in 1948 and taught agricultural economics at NDAC during the winter quarters. He served in the North Dakota House of Representatives for one term from 1959 to 1961. In the legislature Guy served as assistant minority leader. His election as governor on the Democratic-Non Partisan League ticket finally established the two-party system in North Dakota. As governor, Guy served two two-year terms and two four-year terms. He began modernizing state government by implementing the new Office of Management and Budget. During his terms, the state hospital's patient load was reduced from 2,600 to 600 and eight regional mental health districts were established. Guy organized the five-state Old West Trail Tourist Loop. The interstate highway system, 350 Minuteman missiles, the anti-ballistic missiles site, and Garrison Diversion were large federal projects that came to North Dakota during Guy's watch. He was instrumental in bringing three sugar beet refineries and large scale coal-fired electrical generation to North Dakota. Governor Guy was selected by President Lyndon B. Johnson to observe the first presidential elections in South Vietnam. He originated the concept of an interpretive North Dakota Heritage Center and promoted its construction. The Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award was established by Governor Guy as North Dakota's highest recognition. Guy organized and served as the first chairman of the Midwest Governors' Conference in 1962. In 1966 he was elected chairman of the National Governors' Conference. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate in 1974. Guy, William L. Guy, William L.

September 30

September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. It is the last day of September.

Events


- 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England.
- 1813 - Battle of Bárbula: Simón Bolívar defeats Santiago Bobadilla.
- 1882 - The world's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.
- 1888 - Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.
- 1895 - Madagascar becomes a French protectorate.
- 1935 - The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.
- 1935 - "The Adventures of Dick Tracy" is first heard on the Mutual Radio Network.
- 1938 - The League of Nations unanimously outlaws "intentional bombings of civilian populations"
- 1939 - General Władysław Sikorski becomes commander-in-chief of the Polish Government in exile.
- 1947 - Baseball: The World Series, featuring New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers, is televised for the first time.
- 1949 - The Berlin Airlift ends.
- 1954 - The U.S. Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world's first nuclear reactor powered vessel.
- 1955 - James Dean dies in a car crash.
- 1960 - The last episode of "The Howdy Doody Show" airs on NBC.
- 1962 - Mexican-American labor leader César Chávez founds the United Farm Workers.
- 1962 - James Meredith enters the University of Mississippi, defying segregation.
- 1965 - Civil unrest follows a failed coup attempt by Indonesia Communist Party (PKI). More than a million people died.
- 1966 - The British protectorate of Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana. Seretse Khama takes office as the first President.
- 1967 - BBC Radio 1 is launched; the BBC's other national radio stations also adopt numeric names. Tony Blackburn presents the first show.
- 1975 - The Hughes (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.
- 1980 - Ethernet specifications published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.
- 1982 - Cyanide-laced Tylenol kills six people in the Chicago area. Seven were killed in all. The incident is known as the Tylenol scare.
- 1982 - The TV sitcom Cheers premieres.
- 1989 - Foreign Minister of West Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher's speech from the balcony of the German embassy in Prague.
- 1991 - President Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti is forced from office.
- 1993 - An earthquake hits India's Latur and Osmanabad district of Marathwada (Aurangabad division) in Maharashtra state leaving tens of thousands of people dead and many more homeless.
- 1997 - Origin Systems Inc. releases Ultima Online, a massively multiplayer game, opening the door for a new video gaming genre.
- 1999 - Japan's worst nuclear accident at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tokai-mura, northeast of Tokyo. Workers overload a container with uranium, exposing workers and local residents to very high radiation levels.
- 2004 - AIM-54 Phoenix which became the primary missile for the Northrop Grumman F-14 Tomcat retired from U.S. Navy.
- 2005 - The Parliament of Catalonia passes with 120 plus votes and 15 against, the Project of New Catalan Statute of Autonomy, proclaiming in its article 1, "Catalonia is a nation".

Births


- 1207 - Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian mystic and poet (d. 1273)
- 1227 - Pope Nicholas IV (d. 1292)
- 1530 - Geronimo Mercuriali, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)
- 1631 - William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701)
- 1700 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (d. 1773)
- 1710 - John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
- 1715 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (d. 1780)
- 1732 - Jacques Necker, French finance minister of Louis XVI (d. 1804)
- 1800 - Decimus Burton, British architect (d. 1881)
- 1870 - Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- 1882 - Hans Geiger, German physicist (d. 1945)
- 1895 - Lewis Milestone, Russian-born film director (d. 1980)
- 1898 - Renée Adorée, French actress (d. 1933)
- 1898 - Princess Charlotte of Monaco (d. 1977)
- 1904 - Waldo Williams, Welsh poet (d. 1971)
- 1905 - Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- 1908 - David Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 1974)
- 1912 - Kenny Baker, American singer and actor (d. 1985)
- 1913 - Bill Walsh, American film producer and writer (d. 1975)
- 1915 - Lester Maddox, Governor of Georgia (d. 2003)
- 1917 - Park Chunghee, President of South Korea (d. 1979)
- 1917 - Buddy Rich, American drummer (d. 1987)
- 1921 - Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress
- 1922 - Alan Stretton, Australian general
- 1924 - Truman Capote, American author (d. 1984)
- 1928 - Elie Wiesel, Romanian Holocaust survivor, author, and lecturer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1931 - Angie Dickinson, American actress
- 1932 - Shintaro Ishihara, Japanese author and politician (governor of Tokyo)
- 1934 - Udo Jürgens, Austrian singer
- 1935 - Johnny Mathis, American singer
- 1939 - Jean-Marie Lehn, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1942 - Frankie Lymon, American singer (d. 1962)
- 1943 - Johann Deisenhofer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1946 - Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993)
- 1947 - Marc Bolan, British musician (d. 1977)
- 1951 - Barry Marshall, Australian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1952 - Jack Wild, British actor
- 1953 - S.M. Stirling, Canadian-born author
- 1954 - Basia Trzetrzelewska, Polish-born singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Barry Williams, American actor
- 1957 - Fran Drescher, American actress
- 1961 - Eric Stoltz, American actor
- 1962 - Frank Rijkaard, Dutch football player and manager
- 1964 - Trey Anastasio, American musician (Phish)
- 1964 - Monica Bellucci, Italian actress
- 1971 - Jenna Elfman, American actress
- 1977 - Sun Jihai, Chinese footballer
- 1979 - Andy Van der Meyde, Dutch footballer
- 1980 - Martina Hingis, Swiss tennis player
- 1982 - Ari Behn, Norwegian author
- 1982 - Lacey Chabert, American actress
- 1982 - Kieran Culkin, American actor
- 1990 - Tobi Atkins, Australian actor

Deaths


- 420 - Saint Jerome, translator of the Vulgate Bible
- 653 - Saint Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1246 - Yaroslav II of Russia (b. 1191)
- 1440 - Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
- 1487 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
- 1551 - Ouchi Yoshitaka, Japanese warlord (b. 1507)
- 1560 - Melchior Cano, Spanish theologian (b. 1525)
- 1572 - St. Francis Borgia, Jesuit priest (b. 1510)
- 1581 - Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (b. 1518)
- 1626 - Nurhaci, Manchurian chief (b. 1559)
- 1628 - Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English poet (b. 1554)
- 1770 - Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham, English politician and diplomat
- 1770 - George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (b. 1714)
- 1772 - James Brindley, English engineer (b. 1716)
- 1891 - Georges Boulanger, French general and politician (b. 1837)
- 1913 - Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (b. 1858)
- 1943 - Franz Oppenheimer, German sociologist (b. 1864)
- 1955 - James Dean, American actor (automobile accident) (b. 1931)
- 1976 - Mary Ford, American singer (b. 1928)
- 1985 - Simone Signoret, French actress (b. 1921)
- 1990 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- 1994 - Andre Michael Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1902)
- 1998 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (b. 1953)
- 2002 - Hans-Peter Tschudi, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1913)
- 2003 - Yusuf Bey, Black Muslim leader (b. 1935)
- 2004 - Gamini Fonseka Sri Lankan actor, director, and politician (b. 1936)

Holidays and observances


- RC Saints - Saint Jerome Also see September 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Botswana - Independence Day (1966)
- São Tomé and Príncipe - Agricultural Reform (Nationalization) Day
- International Translation Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 29 - October 1 - August 30 - October 30 – more historical anniversaries ko:9월 30일 ms:30 September ja:9月30日 simple:September 30 th:30 กันยายน

1919

1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January


- January 1 - Iolaire sinking disaster
- January 1 - Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company
- January 5 - Spartacist uprising - Socialist demonstrations in Berlin turn into attempted communist revolution
- January 9 - Spartacus revolutionary council folds – Friedrich Ebert orders Freikorps into action
- January 10-January 12 - Freikorps attack Spartacus supporters around Berlin
- January 11 - Romania annexes Transylvania.
- January 13 - Worker’s councils in Berlin end the general strike - Spartacus week is over
- January 15 - Murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in the aftermath of Spartacus uprising
- January 15 - The Boston Molasses Disaster: Wave of molasses sweeps through Boston, killing 21 and injuring 150
- January 15 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes Premier of Poland
- January 16 - The 18th Amendment, authorizing Prohibition, goes into effect in the United States
- January 18 - World War I: A peace conference opens in Versailles, France.
- January 18 - Bentley Motors is founded
- January 21 - the First Dáil Éireann meets in the Mansion House in Dublin. It is from this meeting that the Irish state dates its existence.
- January 25 - The League of Nations is founded

February-April


- February 1 - The first Miss America is crowned (New York City).
- February 3 - Soviet troops occupy Ukraine
- February 11 - Friedrich Ebert (SPD), is elected President of Germany.
- February 14 - Polish-Soviet War begins
- February 25 - Oregon places a 1 cent per US gallon (26 ¢/L) tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.
- February 26 - An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park (see Grand Canyon National Park).
- March 1 - March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule in Korea.
- March 2 - The first Communist International meets in Moscow
- March 15 - The American Legion forms in Paris
- March 21 - The Chinese High School was established in Singapore by Mr. Tan Kah Kee
- March 23 - In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement.
- March 31 - General strike begins in the Ruhr
- April 6-April 7 - Communist People’s Republic of Munich founded
- April 13 - At the Amritsar Massacre, British and Gurkha troops massacre 379 Indians.
- April 14 - Emperor of Austria moves to exile in Switzerland
- April 25 - Bauhaus movement founded
- April 25 - ANZAC day is celebrated for the first time in Australia.
- April 25 - Pancho Villa takes Parral in Mexico - hangs mayor and his two sons

May-June


- May 1 - Large left-wing demonstration in France leads to a violent confrontation with the police
- May 1 - Weimar Republic troops and Freikorps take over Munich and crush the Soviet Republic of Bavaria
- May 1 - The May Day Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio – two people killed, forty injured, and one hundred and sixteen arrested
- May 3 - People's Republic of Munich is crushed
- May 4 - May Fourth Movement opposes foreign colonizers in China
- May 15 - Winnipeg launches general strike for better wages and working conditions.
- May 16 - US Navy Naval Curtiss aircraft NC-4 commanded by Albert Cushing Read departs Trepassey, Newfoundland, for Lisbon via the Azores on the first transatlantic flight
- May 17 - Committee of One Thousand forms to oppose Winnipeg General Strike
- May 23 - The University of California opens it second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
- May 25 - Volcano Kelut erupts in Java – 16.000 dead
- May 29 - Einstein's theory of general relativity confirmed by Arthur Eddington's observation of a total eclipse of the Sun.
- June 4 - Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.
- June 14 - John Alcock and Arthur Brown depart St. John's, Newfoundland on the first nonstop transatlantic flight (they landed at Clifden, County Galway, Ireland the next day). [http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/alcock.htm]
- June 15 - Pancho Villa attacks Ciudad Juarez. When the bullets begin to fly to the US side of the border, 2 units of the US 7th Cavalry regiment cross the border and repulse Villa's forces
- June 21 - Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during Winnipeg General Strike.
- June 21 - Admiral Ludvig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney. The nine sailors killed were the last casualties of the First World War.
- June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I with Germany.

July-November


- July 6 - The British dirigible R-34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic by an airship.
- July 31 - Strike of policemen in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers. Over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.
- August 11 - In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is passed into law.
- August 19 - Afghanistan gains independence from the United Kingdom.
- 16 August-26 August - First Silesian Uprising, the Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans
- August 31 - American Communist Party is established
- September 10 - Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria.
- September 10-September 15: The Florida Keys Hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.
- September 23 - Belenenses is founded.
- September 27 - Last British troops leave Archangel, Russia and leave fighting to the Russians
- September 28 - Omaha Riot - lynch mob besieges the police station and courthouse in Omaha, Nebraska and lynch alleged black rapist Will Brown
- October 1 - Elaine Race Riot breaks out in Arkansas
- October 2 - US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
- October 9 - Black Sox scandal: The Cincinnati Reds "win" the World Series.
- October 9 - Boston police strike
- October 13 - Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation signed.
- October 28 - Prohibition begins: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto.
- November - At end of month health officials declare the global Spanish Flu Pandemic over
- November 10 - The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis, Minnesota (convention ended on November 12).
- November 11 - The Centralia Massacre in Centralia, Washington results the deaths of four members of the American Legion and the lynching of a local leader of the IWW.
- November 16 - Admiral Horthy conquers Budapest from Bela Kuns Soviet Republic
- November 27 - The Treaty of Neuilly is signed between Allies and Bulgaria.
- November 28 - The American-born Lady Astor is elected to the British House of Commons, becoming the first female MP to take a seat on December 1.

December


- December 5 - Turkish ministry of war releases Greeks, Armenians and Jews from military service
- December 12 - Gabriele D'Annunzio with his entourage marches into Fiume and convinces the Italian troops to join him
- December 30 - Lincoln's Inn, in London admits its first female bar student.
- The Paris Peace Conference

Unknown dates


- The Åland Islands vote for a return to Swedish rule in a referendum.
- Les Champs Magnetiques, the first automatic book, is written by Andre Breton and Philippe Soupault.
- XWA (now CFCF), in Montreal, Quebec, is the first public radio station in North America to go on the air.
- Various strikes in USA: Strike of US railroad workers; Longshoreman’s strike; The Great Steel Strike; General strike in Seattle, Washington.
- Female suffrage in Germany and Luxembourg
- Henri Desire Landru captured
- Marcel Tolkowsky's Diamond Design is published.
- The International Astronomical Union is founded.
- World League Against Alcoholism established by Anti-Saloon League.

Births


- Langdon Brown Gilkey - American Christian Protestant Ecumenical theologian (d. 2004)

January-April


- January 1 - J. D. Salinger, American novelist
- January 13 - Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003)
- January 14 - Andy Rooney, American journalist
- January 23 - Hans Hass, Austrian zoologist
- January 23 - Ernie Kovacs, American comedian (d. 1962)
- January 25 - Edwin Newman, American journalist and writer
- January 26 - Valentino Mazzola, Italian footballer (d. 1949)
- January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, American musician and actor (d. 1972)
- January 31 - Jackie Robinson, baseball player (d. 1972)
- February 5 - Red Buttons, American actor
- February 5 - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1996)
- February 11 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress (d. 1995)
- February 11 - Eddie Robinson, American football coach
- February 12 - Forrest Tucker, American actor (d. 1986)
- February 13 - Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991)
- February 26 - Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003)
- March 2 - Jennifer Jones, American actress
- March 15 - Lawrence Tierney, American actor (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Nat King Cole, American singer (d. 1965)
- March 24 - Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American author and publisher
- March 24 - Robert Heilbroner, American economist (d. 2005)
- March 29 - Eileen Heckart, American actress (d. 2001)
- March 30 - McGeorge Bundy, U.S. National Security Advisor (d. 1996)
- April 1 - Joseph Murray, American surgeon, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 8 - Ian Douglas Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia
- April 19 - Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographer
- April 22 - Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)

May-August


- May 1 - Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005)
- May 3 - John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (d. 2004)
- May 3 - Pete Seeger, American singer and musician
- May 7 - Eva Peron, wife of Argentine President Juan Peron (d. 1952)
- May 8 - Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
- May 16 - Liberace, American pianist (d. 1987)
- May 18 - Dame Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991)
- May 20 - George Gobel, American comedian (d. 1991)
- May 23 - Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer
- June 4 - Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004)
- June 5 - Richard Scarry, American children's author (d. 1994)
- June 19 - Pauline Kael, American film critic (d. 2001)
- June 21 - Gérard Pelletier, French journalist, politician, and diplomat (d. 1997)
- June 26 - Richard Neustadt, American political historian (d. 2003)
- July 6 - Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor
- July 7 - Jon Pertwee, British actor (d. 1996)
- July 15 - Iris Murdoch, Irish novelist (d. 1999)
- July 20 - Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer
- July 31 - Maurice Boitel, French painter
- August 11 - Ginette Neveu, French violinist (d. 1949)
- August 28 - Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)

September-December


- September 11 - Ota Sik, Czech economist and politician (d. 2004)
- September 21 - Fazlur Rahman, Pakistani Islamic scholar (d. 1988)
- September 27 - James H. Wilkinson, English mathematician (d. 1986)
- October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 5 - Donald Pleasence, English actor (d. 1995)
- October 11 - Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (d. 1990)
- October 12 - Doris Miller, U.S. Navy cook (d. 1943)
- October 16 - Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003)
- October 18 - Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
- October 22 - Doris Lessing, British writer
- October 26 - James E. Myers, American songwriter (d. 2001)
- October 26 - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1980)
- November 3 - Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (d. 1995)
- November 5 - Myron Floren, American accordionist (d. 2005)
- November 10 - Mikhail Kalashnikov, Russian firearms inventor
- November 14 - Lisa Otto, German soprano
- November 15 - Roy Burden, Canadian World War II pilot (d. 2005)
- November 18 - Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- November 28 - Keith Miller, Australian sportsman (d. 2004)
- December 6 - Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (d. 1983)
- December 8 - Moisei Vainberg, Polish composer (d. 1996)
- December 9 - William Lipscomb, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- December 31 - Tommy Byrne, baseball player

Deaths


- January 6 - Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1858)
- January 6 - Max Heindel, Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic (b. 1865)
- January 15 - Karl Liebknecht, German politician (executed) (b. 1871)
- January 15 - Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (executed)
- January 18 - Prince John of the United Kingdom (b. 1905)
- January 27 - Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (b. 1877)
- February 17 - Wilfrid Laurier, seventh Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1841)
- April 4 - Sir William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (b. 1832)
- April 15 - Jane Delano, American nurse and founder or the American Red Cross Nursing Service (b. 1862)
- May 6 - L. Frank Baum, American writer (b. 1856)
- May 14 - Henry John Heinz, American businessman (b. 1844)
- June 29 - José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan medician and saint (b. 1864)
- June 30 - John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1842)
- July 15 - Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- July 26 - Sir Edward Poynter, British painter (b. 1936)
- August 9 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857)
- August 11 - Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-born businessman and philanthropist (b. 1835)
- October 7 - Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856)
- October 13 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
- October 18 - Viscount William Astor, American financier and statesman (b. 1848)
- November 15 - Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
- December 3 - Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (b. 1841)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Johannes Stark
- Chemistry - not awarded
- Physiology or Medicine - Jules Bordet
- Literature - Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler Category:1919 ko:1919년 ms:1919 ja:1919年 simple:1919 th:พ.ศ. 2462

List of Governors of North Dakota

The following is a list of governors of the state of North Dakota, United States. #John Miller Republican 1889 - 1891 #Andrew H. Burke Republican 1891 - 1893 #Eli C. D. Shortridge Independent 1893 - 1895 #Roger Allin Republican 1895 - 1897 #Frank A. Briggs Republican 1897 - 1898 #Joseph M. Devine Republican 1898 - 1899 #Frederick B. Fancher Republican 1899 - 1901 #Frank White (Governor) Republican 1901 - 1905 #E. Y. Sarles Republican 1905 - 1907 #John Burke Democratic 1907 - 1913 #L. B. Hanna Republican 1913 - 1917 #Lynn Frazier Republican/(NPL) 1917 - 1921 #R. A. Nestos Republican/(IVA) 1921 - 1925 #A. G. Sorlie Republican/(NPL) 1925 - 1928 #Walter Maddock Republican/(NPL) 1928 - 1929 #George F. Shafer Republican/(IVA) 1929 - 1933 #William Langer Republican/(NPL) 1933 - 1934 #Ole H. Olson Republican/(NPL) 1934 - 1935 #Thomas H. Moodie Democratic 1935-1935 #Walter Welford Republican/(NPL) 1935 - 1937 #William Langer Republican/(NPL) 1937 - 1939 #John Moses Democratic 1939 - 1945 #Fred George Aandahl Republican 1945 - 1951 #Clarence Norman Brunsdale Republican 1951 - 1957 #John E. Davis Republican 1957 - 1961 #William L. Guy Democratic-NPL 1961 - 1973 #Arthur A. Link Democratic-NPL 1973 - 1981 #Allen I. Olson Republican 1981 - 1984 #George A. Sinner Democratic-NPL 1985 - 1992 #Edward T. Schafer Republican 1992 - 2000 #John Hoeven Republican 2000-

External link


- [http://www.state.nd.us/hist/ndgov.htm State Historical Society of North Dakota, North Dakota Governors] North Dakota
-

North Dakota

North Dakota is a U.S. state, the northernmost of the Great Plains states in the Midwestern United States. To the north across the U.S.-Canada border are the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and to the south is South Dakota. In the west is Montana and to the east across the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River is Minnesota. The Missouri River flows through the western part of the state, forming Lake Sakakawea behind the Garrison Dam. Formerly part of Dakota Territory (named after the Dakota tribe of Native Americans), North Dakota became a state in 1889. North Dakota's postal abbreviation is ND. The entire state is covered by area code 701. The United States Navy vessels USS North Dakota and Flickertail State were named in honor of North Dakota.

History

Prior to European contact, Native Americans inhabited North Dakota for thousands of years. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader La Vérendrye, who led an exploration party to Mandan villages about 1738. The trading arrangement between tribes was such that North Dakota tribes rarely dealt directly with Europeans. However, the native tribes were in sufficient contact that by the time of Lewis and Clark, they were at least somewhat aware of the French, then Spanish claims to their territory. The state was settled sparsely until the late 1800s, when the railroads pushed through the state, and aggressively marketed the land. On 2 November 1889, North Dakota was admitted to the Union with South Dakota (see Trivia below). The territorial and early state governments were largely corrupt. Early in the 20th century, a wave of populism led by the Non Partisan League brought social reforms. The Great Depression was rough on the state and came several years early with the 1920s farm crisis. The original state capitol burned to the ground in the 1930s and was replaced by a concrete art deco skyscraper that still stands today. The 1950s brought a round of federal construction projects, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases. The 1980s saw an oil boom in the Williston basin, as skyrocketing petroleum prices made development profitable, driving state population to a peak near 800,000. Since then the state has been experiencing a period of economic and demographic decline. Today, the population stands at around 640,000 (roughly the same population as in the 1920s).

Law and government

The capital of North Dakota is Bismarck and its current governor is John Hoeven (Republican). Its two current U.S. senators are Kent Conrad (Dem-NPL) and Byron Dorgan (Dem-NPL). Its congressman is Earl Pomeroy (Dem-NPL). North Dakota has a bicameral legislature. The state elects two House Representatives and one Senator from each of 47 districts apportioned by population. The legislature meets in an 80-day regular session in odd-numbered years, and in special session if summoned by the governor. See also: North Dakota Legislative Assembly, North Dakota Senate, North Dakota House of Representatives The major political parties in North Dakota are the Republican Party and the Democratic-NPL Party. However, North Dakota does have some active third parties. The Republican Party holds large majorities in the state legislature and generally wins the state's 3-member electoral college delegation. Since 1964, no Democratic presidential candidate has carried North Dakota. In 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and Congressional seats have won every election since 1986. The structure of North Dakota's judiciary is not terribly complex. Each of the 53 counties has a court, from which appeals are sent directly to the North Dakota Supreme Court. Because of the expense of having each county hire a judge, and the fairly low workload, the state is divided into seven judicial districts which collectively elect judges to travel to the various courthouses and hear cases. District Judges are elected to six-year terms. Supreme Court Judges are elected to ten-year terms. The Supreme Court Justice is selected every 5 years by vote of the District and Supreme Court Judges. See: List of North Dakota Governors, List of United States Senators from North Dakota, List_of_political_parties_in_North_Dakota.

Geography and Climate

List_of_political_parties_in_North_Dakota See: List of North Dakota counties North Dakota is bordered on the north by the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, on the west by Montana, on the south by South Dakota, and on the east, across the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River, by Minnesota. The Missouri River flows through the western part of the state, forming Lake Sakakawea behind the Garrison Dam. Farms and ranches stretch across the rolling plains from the Red River Valley in the east to the rugged Badlands in the west. The geographic center of the North American continent is located near Rugby. North Dakota is a prime example of a continental climate; distant from major bodies of water to moderate the weather, conditions range from sweltering heat and humidity to bitter cold. Competing warm airmasses from the Gulf of Mexico and cold airmasses from the Arctic regions invaribly produce strong winds as they move in and out of the region. In summer, the clash of arctic and tropic systems often leads to strong thunderstorms, sometimes including damaging hail and tornadoes. In winter, the weather tends to be more stable — cold and dry, with occasional flurries—though the constant wind tends to create blowing snow at any time of the season. Severe snowstorms tend to manifest late in the fall or early in the spring, as was the case in 1997. North Dakota's reputation for severe weather has been cited by many as a motivating factor behind outmigration and the failure of outside industry to locate in the state, though some have found this to be a secondary factor to the overall economic situation in the state.

Economy

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that North Dakota's total state product in 2003 was $21 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $28,922, 32nd in the nation. Agricultural activity is largely dependent on rainfall. Wheat (particularly the durum variety used for pasta), barley, canola, soybeans, sunflowers, and flax are present throughout the state. The wetter Red River Valley is dominated by farms, with the chief crops being Sugar beets and maize. Cattle ranches are more common in the dry southwest, though dairy ranches are more common toward the east. Honey is produced in the central part of the state. Small quantities of juneberries and grapes support a modest domestic winery industry. The state's relatively small industrial output includes electric power, food processing, machinery (including Bobcat heavy equipment), lignite mining, and tourism. North Dakota has the only state-owned bank in the United States, the Bank of North Dakota. The bank, by law, holds all funds of all state and local government agencies in North Dakota. Its deposits are not guaranteed by the FDIC, but by the State of North Dakota itself.

Demographics

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2004, North Dakota's population was 634,366. The state's population had declined nearly 8,000 since 2000, a 1.2% drop. North Dakota ranks 47th of the 50 states in population, with fewer people only in Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming.

Race and Ancestry

The racial makeup of the state:
- 91.7% White
- 4.9% Native American
- 1.2% Hispanic
- 0.6% Asian
- 0.6% Black
- 1.2% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in North Dakota are: German (43.9%), Norwegian (30.1%), Irish (7.7%), Native American (5%), Swedish (5%). Most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent, especially Scandinavian and German. People of German ancestry are present throughout the state, especially the southern and central counties, and Scandinavians are also present throughout. A few counties have large Native American populations (principally on reservations). Individual counties in western North Dakota have the largest white, Russian, Ukrainian, and Hungarian percentages of any county. 6.1% of North Dakota's population were reported as under 5, 25% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.1% of the population.

Outmigration

North Dakota has experienced a decline in population over the last 20 years, primarily among skilled college graduates for whom there are few jobs in the state. State leaders have been at a loss to address the issue. Student loan forgiveness programs for health and education professionals have been initiated with some degree of success, but a larger program to forgive the loans of all college graduates residing in the state for a given period of time failed to pass a referendum. Some federal politicians, including Byron Dorgan, have proposed [http://dorgan.senate.gov/issues/northdakota/homestead/ "The New Homestead Act of 2005"] (compare to the original U.S. Homestead Act in 1862) to encourage living in areas losing population through incentives such as tax breaks, but these have also made little headway. Many North Dakota politicians believe that better economic development programs will eventually resolve the issue, but opinions are mixed as to what exactly that would entail.

Religion

A very large majority of North Dakotans self-identify as Christian. It has the lowest percentage of non-religious people of any state, and it also has the most churches per capita of any state. An estimate of the religious affiliations of the people of North Dakota (source: [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm] CUNY, 2001):
- Lutheran: 35%
- Catholic: 30%
- Methodist: 7%
- Baptist: 6%
- Assemblies of God: 3%
- None: 3%
- Christian: 2%
- Muslim: 2%
- Protestant: 1%
- Mormon/LDS: 1%
- Jehovah's Witnesses: 1%
- Buddhist: 1%
- Other: 1%
- Refused: 6%

Important cities and towns

See also: List of cities in North Dakota By population, the ten largest urban centers in the state are: :1. Fargo/West Fargo :2. Bismarck/Mandan :3. Grand Forks :4. Minot :5. Dickinson :6. Jamestown :7. Williston :8. Wahpeton :9. Devils Lake :10. Valley City The population trends in the state are noting a distinct shift from the rural areas to the larger cities. Most of North Dakota's largest communities grew between 1990 and 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, the USA as a whole grew by 13.1%, yet North Dakota grew a mere 0.5%. It is the only state (along with Washington DC) whose population declined (by 1.3%) between April 1, 2000 and July 1, 2003; this decline has become a major political issue.

Education

North Dakota's leaders frequently boast that the educational scene in the state is excellent. However, because the economic situation is no match for it, many skilled graduates leave the state.

Colleges and universities

The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest and oldest among them is the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. The higher education system consists of the following institutions: :North Dakota University System (Public schools) ::Bismarck State College in Bismarck ::Dickinson State University in Dickinson ::Lake Region State College in Devils Lake ::Mayville State University in Mayville ::Minot State University in Minot ::Minot State University-Bottineau in Bottineau ::North Dakota State University in Fargo ::North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton ::University of North Dakota in Grand Forks ::Valley City State University in Valley City ::Williston State College in Williston :Tribal colleges ::Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten ::Fort Berthold Community College in New Town ::Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates ::Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt ::United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck :Private schools ::Aakers College in Fargo and Bismarck ::Jamestown College in Jamestown ::University of Mary in Bismarck ::Trinity Bible College in Ellendale

Miscellaneous information

:Language: English :Counties: 53 :State bird: Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta :State fish: Northern pike, Esox lucius :State horse: Nokota Horse :State flower: Wild Prairie Rose, Rosa arkansana :State tree: American Elm, Ulmus americana :State fossil: Teredo Petrified wood :State grass: Western Wheatgrass, Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve :State nicknames: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State :State mottos: ::(Seal of North Dakota) Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable ::(Coat of Arms of North Dakota) Strength from the Soil :State song: North Dakota Hymn :State dance: Square Dance :State march: Flickertail March :State beverage: Milk :State license plate: See the different types over time [http://www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_NDXX.html]

Trivia

A bill for statehood for North and South Dakota (and Montana, and Washington) was passed on February 22 1889 during the Administration of Grover Cleveland. It was left to his successor Benjamin Harrison to sign proclamations formally admitting North and South Dakota to the Union on November 2 1889. However, the rivalry between the northern and southern territories presented a dilemma: only one, upon the President's signature on the proclamation, could gain the distinction of being admitted before the other. So Harrison directed his Secretary of State James Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first, and the priority went unrecorded. The Flickertail State is one of North Dakota's nicknames. The nickname is derived from Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the squirrel the state animal was voted down in the state legislature.

External links


- [http://www.nd.gov State of North Dakota official website]
- [http://www.nd.gov North Dakota tourism website]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/38000.html U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota]
- [http://www.dannyburk.com/badlands%20national%20park.htm Pictures of the Dakotas: Badlands and Theodore Roosevelt National Parks] Category:States of the American West
- Category:States of the United States ko:노스다코타 주 ja:ノースダコタ州 simple:North Dakota

1973

1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday.

Events

January


- January 1 - United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union.
- January 3 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George Steinbrenner.
- January 15 - Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, President of the United States Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.
- January 17 - Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.
- January 22 - Supreme Court of the United States rules on Roe v. Wade.
- January 22 - George Foreman breaks Joe Frazier's professional career undefeated heavyweight world boxing champion status.
- January 22 - Nigerian Airlines passenger plane from Mecca crashes in Kano, Nigeria - 176 dead.
- January 23 - The eruption of Eldfell on the Icelandic island of Heimaey begins.
- January 23 - President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.
- January 25 - Derren Nesbitt convicted of assaulting Anne Aubrey
- January 27 - U.S. involvement in Vietnam War ends with the signing of peace pacts. See Paris Peace Accords.

February


- February 11 - Vietnam War: First release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.
- February 12 - Ohio becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in metric on signs. (See: Metric system in the United States)
- February 21 - Over the Sinai Desert, Israeli fighter aircraft shoot down a Libyan Arab Airlines jet killing 100.
- February 22 - Sino-American relations: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to mainland China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.
- February 27 - The American Indian Movement occupies Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

March


- March 1 - The New York Joffrey Ballet's Deuce Coupe Ballet opens. The ballet is set entirely around music by The Beach Boys.
- March 7 - Comet Kohoutek is discovered.
- March 8 - IRA bombs explode in the Whitehall and the Old Bailey.
- March 16 - Queen Elizabeth II opens the New London Bridge.
- March 29 - The last United States soldiers leave Vietnam.
- March 31 - Paramount's Carowinds opens for the first time.

April


- April 2 - Launch of LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
- April 4 - World Trade Center officially opens in New York with a ribbon-cutting ceremony.
- April 6 - Launch of Pioneer 11 spacecraft.
- April 17 -German GSG-9 group formed officially

May


- May 5 - Shambu Tamang becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit of Mount Everest.
- May 8 - A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and the American Indian Movement who were occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, ends with the surrender of the militants.
- May 10 - Polisario formed.
- May 14 - Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.
- May 17 - Watergate scandal: Hearings begin in the United States Senate and are televised.
- May 27 - By the virtue of non-retroactiveness of the copyright laws of the USSR, all works published before this date are public domain. This applies worldwide.

June


- June 1 - Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic.
- June 3 - Tupolev Tu-144 crashes at the Paris air show - 15 dead.
- June 4 - patent for the ATM granted to Don Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
- June 9 - Secretariat wins the Belmont Stakes becoming the first Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winner since 1948.
- June 10 - Grandson of J. Paul Getty is kidnapped in Rome.
- June 22 - William Mark Felt retires from the FBI.
- June 25 - Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the fourth President of Ireland.
- June 26 - On Plesetsk Cosmodrome 9 persons were killed at an explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.
- June 30 - Very long total solar eclipse. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceeded seven minutes of totality.

July


- July 1 - US Drug Enforcement Agency founded.
- July 5 - Isle of Man begins to issue its own postage stamps
- July 10 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- July 12 - A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri. The disaster comes to be known as the 1973 National Archives Fire.
- July 16 - Watergate Scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate committee investigating the scandal that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.
- July 20 - France resumes nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll over protestations of Australia and New Zealand.
- July 25 - Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched.
- July 28 - Watkins Glen Summer Jam, a massive rock festival featuring The Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers Band and The Band attracts over 600,000 music fans.
- July 30 - An 11-year legal action for the victims of Thalidomide ends.
- July 31 - Militant protesters of Ian Paisley disrupt the first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly

August


- August 2 - Flash fire kills 51 at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man.
- August 5 - Black September members open fire at Athens airport - 3 dead, 55 injured.
- August 8 - 1973 Kidnapping of Kim Dae-Jung
- August 13 - The film of Jesus Christ Superstar is released.
- August 15 - The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, marking the official halt to 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia.
- September 22 - Henry Kissinger, United States National Security Advisor, starts his term as Secretary of State.

September


- September 11 - Chile's democratically-elected government is overthrown in a military coup after serious instability. President Salvador Allende dies, and General Augusto Pinochet heads a